The First World War, which raged on for four years (1914-1918), was undoubtedly one of the most significant events in modern history, profoundly altering the world and leaving a trail of consequences. The most tragic consequence of this conflict was the immense loss of life. France, having sacrificed nearly 1.4 million soldiers and 300,000 civilians, endured a devastating toll, while more than 1.8 million Russian soldiers and 1.5 million civilians perished. In total, amongst 10 and 16 million lives were claimed by WWI. Nevertheless, the numbers related to the death toll remain the subject of debate.
One of the related consequences of WWI was the 1918 flu pandemic. This influenza, initially observed in North America, is believed to have been brought to Europe by American forces. It led to the deaths of nearly 50 million people worldwide. The economic repercussions of this global war were severely felt by many countries on both sides. The United Kingdom, once a significant overseas investor, found itself among the largest debtors. Britain also experienced more intangible changes, such as a surge in national pride, particularly among the Commonwealth nations. On the other hand, following the Great War, the hegemonic role once held by the United Kingdom was taken over by the United States, establishing itself as the new global political and economic leader.
During the war, countries like Canada, Australia, and New Zealand played essential roles in various battles, which led to them gaining increased diplomatic autonomy in the years that followed. When the soldiers returned home, they were confronted with a shifting social landscape. Women had taken on roles in the workforce that were left vacant by the men serving in the war. Motivated by their desire to contribute to their countries, women engaged in activities such as distributing coal, manufacturing ammunition, and participating in voluntary work. These newfound responsibilities helped reshape the social status and working lives of women, leaving a lasting impact even after the war ended.
The political map of the world was redrawn in the wake of the war. Powerful empires like the German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires dissolved, with the last two disappearing entirely. Large portions of these former empires were divided into new countries, including Finland, Turkey, and Czechoslovakia. Among the most critical developments was the transformation taking place in Germany. In 1919, the Weimar Republic replaced the previous imperial system, yet it faced numerous challenges. Hyperinflation, hostility from other nations, and internal political extremists plagued the new government.
Many Germans held deep resentments regarding the Treaty of Versailles, which placed the sole responsibility for the First World War on their shoulders. Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party capitalized on these strong emotions. In 1933, Hitler ascended to the position of Chancellor of Germany, rapidly establishing a totalitarian regime known as the Third Reich. The violation of the treaty and the subsequent aggression led to the outbreak of the century’s second world war, further emphasizing the far-reaching consequences of the First World War.
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